Mannerism is a term that refers to an artistic style that emerged in Italy in the late 16th century and spread to other parts of Europe. Mannerism is characterized by a departure from the naturalism and harmony of the High Renaissance, and by an emphasis on artificiality, elegance, and complexity. Mannerism is often seen as a reaction to the classical ideals of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo, who were considered the masters of the Renaissance.

Mannerist artists experimented with exaggerated proportions, distorted poses, unnatural colors, and intricate compositions. They also showed a fascination with the antique, especially the rediscovered sculpture of Laocoön and His Sons, which inspired many Mannerist depictions of human figures in agony or ecstasy. Mannerist paintings often have a sense of tension and instability, as well as a refined and intellectual quality. Some of the most famous Mannerist artists include Parmigianino, Pontormo, Bronzino, Rosso Fiorentino, El Greco, and Tintoretto.

Mannerism also influenced other forms of art, such as literature and music. Mannerist writers and musicians used elaborate and ornate language, metaphors, and allegories to express their ideas and emotions. They also experimented with new forms and genres, such as sonnets, madrigals, and operas. Some of the most notable Mannerist poets and composers include Petrarch, Ariosto, Tasso, Monteverdi, and Gesualdo.

Mannerism is a complex and diverse artistic movement that reflects the cultural and historical changes of its time. It challenges the conventions and expectations of art and invites the viewers to appreciate its beauty and sophistication.

One of the main characteristics of Mannerism is the use of figura serpentinata, or the serpentine figure. This is a term that describes a human figure that twists and turns in a graceful and dynamic way. Mannerist artists used this technique to create a sense of movement and drama in their paintings and sculptures. For example, Parmigianino’s Madonna with the Long Neck shows a woman with an elongated neck and body, holding a child who seems to be falling from her arms. The figures are arranged in a diagonal line that creates a contrast with the vertical columns in the background.

Another feature of Mannerism is the use of cangiante, or changing color. This is a term that refers to the practice of using different colors to represent the same object or surface, depending on the light and shadow effects. Mannerist artists used this technique to create a rich and varied palette, as well as to suggest depth and volume. For example, Pontormo’s Deposition from the Cross shows a group of figures in bright and contrasting colors, such as pink, blue, green, and yellow. The colors do not correspond to the natural appearance of the flesh or the fabrics, but rather to the emotional tone of the scene.

A third aspect of Mannerism is the use of capriccio, or whimsy. This is a term that denotes a playful and imaginative approach to art, often involving elements of fantasy, humor, and irony. Mannerist artists used this technique to create surprising and original compositions, as well as to comment on the social and political issues of their time. For example, Tintoretto’s The Last Supper shows a chaotic and crowded scene, with angels flying in the air, animals roaming on the floor, and servants carrying dishes. The painting also includes references to the Protestant Reformation and the Ottoman invasion of Europe.